====== Drei Sonaten für drei Violinen ======

===== Introduction =====

Abott [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abade_Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Costa | António da Costa]] (1714-1780?) was a Portuguese musician who, 
born in the Porto region, left the country around 1749 for Rome, from where he 
moved to Vienna, where he is thought to have died around 1780.
Misantrope, he despised the positions offered to him, living
most of his life in poverty. His intelligence and idiosincratic behaviour 
attracted the attention of the high nobility, in whose salons he sometimes played 
his compositions for violin or guitar. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burney | Charles Burney]],
who in 1772 met him in a musical party at Lord Stormont's house, found //"his musical opinions
as singular as his character"//. In his [[https://books.google.pt/books?id=a0lptAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-PT&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Costa&f=false | travel diary]], Burney also noted that
in the abott's compositions, //"melody is less attended to
than harmony and uncommon modulation; and that the time is always difficult to
make out, from the great number of ligatures and fractions (...)"//.

This stylistic analysis matches these //Drei Sonaten für drei Violinen//,
perhaps the earliest works by Abott Costa found so far. (For more, please see [[https://sidm.it/ojs/index.php/fmi/article/view/1044|Ciacchi & Dellaborra, 2020]].) The [[https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ONB_alma21311431470003338&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&vid=ONB&lang=de_DE&search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&tab=default_tab&query=addsrcrid,exact,AC14257287|manuscript score]],
archived in the Austrian National Library, in Vienna, has the following inscription on fol.7:
//"Canoni dell’ Abate Portoghese"//.

These trios most probably date from 1752, as they seem to be those referred to in a letter, dated [[https://books.google.pt/books?id=A30E7DnZuIEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-PT#v=onepage&q&f=false | February 28, 1752]],
that the abott sent from [[http://www.ipsar.org/ | Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi]], in Rome, to amateur friends in Porto:
//"(...) here are two [trios] to join the others and make half a dozen"//
(//"ahi vão dous para ajustar com os outros a meia duzia"//). The two trios sent
must therefore be nrs. V and VI below, meaning that nr. IV had already reached Porto.
He also mentions that he forgot to copy the bass part of the Allegro of the first trio
(//"Esqueci-me de copiar o último Allegro no basso do primeiro trio"//)
- that is, nr. V - which could be found at the end of the manuscript score sent to Porto.

Intended as they were for amateur violinists, these works are far from virtuosistic. But they clearly 
show the originality of the abott's style, full of modulations, chromaticisms, and the //"ligatures and fractions"// that Burney found so intriguing and tracing //"a new road"// with desdain from following //"the steps of others"//.
The use of ties and //spicatto// notes also matches with the fragment of a piece for the guitar that
Burney heard Costa playing in the same party (4-9-1772), which he recorded from memory in his travel book (page 290):
<abc>
X:1
M:3/4
L:1/8
K:F
V: 1 clef=treble
%%MIDI program 1 40
%%staves  1  
[V: 1]	%----- edit between the lines
   [Q:"Andante"] (GAB)| (Adc)z2 (GBA) | GEF z2 Acf | .B(ag) .A(gf) (GBd) | {F}E2F z2 GAB | Adc "_&c."  X 
%---------------------------------
</abc>

The epithet //"Canoni dell’ Abate Portoghese"// refers to the imitative style of most of these pieces.
Costa refers in his letter to two "fugues" that come out beautiful if played in tune and all parts well in time
(//"(...) essas duas fugas (...) ajustem-nas bem afinadinhas, limpas, e muito a tempo todas as partes, e verão que cousa sae tão bonita"//). Although not //fugues// in the strict sense of the time, these are probably
the "Andantino cantabile" and the "Allegro" of nr. V. 

Burney (page 292) mentions a duet for two violins by Abott Costa which was so difficult //“both in time and style”// that couldn’t be properly played by violinist M. Startzel and himself after many trials, in the same party, after dinner. (During dinner, Burney, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck | Gluck]] and Costa had an interesting conversation - //“we all talked more than we eat”//).

To obtain the current version of the whole score press button “**Build!**” at the bottom-right corner of the matrix below. 

===== Links =====

    * [[https://digital.onb.ac.at/RepViewer/viewer.faces?doc=DTL_5341903&order=1&view=SINGLE|facsimile]]
===== Matrix =====

Empty: <html><img src="lib/tpl/default/images/cell.png"></html>  Ongoing: <html><img src="lib/tpl/default/images/cell1.png"></html> Selected for building: <html><input type='checkbox' checked='yes' disabled='true'><br></html>
|       ^   [S1] Trio IV (Posato)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(1);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(1);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S2] Trio IV (Allegro assai)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(2);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(2);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S3] Trio IV (Adagio)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(3);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(3);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S4] Trio V (Andantino cantabile)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(4);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(4);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S5] Trio V (Allegro)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(5);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(5);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S6] Trio V (Posato)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(6);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(6);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S7] Trio VI (Largo)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(7);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(7);">Unselect</a></span></html>   ^   [S8] Trio VI (Allegretto)<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_col(8);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_col(8);">Unselect</a></span></html>         |
|   Fol   |    -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |      |
|       |    <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 1; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S1  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 2; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S2  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 3; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S3  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 4; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S4  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 5; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S5  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 6; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S6  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 7; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S7  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 8; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S8  '></html>   |
^   [P1] Violino I.mo<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_line(1);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_line(1);">Unselect</a></span></html>   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s1p1'><img id="img_1_1"></a><html><input id="t_1_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s1p1|S1 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s2p1'><img id="img_2_1"></a><html><input id="t_2_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s2p1|S2 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s3p1'><img id="img_3_1"></a><html><input id="t_3_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s3p1|S3 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s4p1'><img id="img_4_1"></a><html><input id="t_4_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s4p1|S4 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s5p1'><img id="img_5_1"></a><html><input id="t_5_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s5p1|S5 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s6p1'><img id="img_6_1"></a><html><input id="t_6_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s6p1|S6 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s7p1'><img id="img_7_1"></a><html><input id="t_7_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s7p1|S7 P1]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s8p1'><img id="img_8_1"></a><html><input id="t_8_1" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s8p1|S8 P1]]   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_line = 1; build_line(); return false;" value='  Build  P1  '></html>   |
^   [P2] Violino II.do<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_line(2);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_line(2);">Unselect</a></span></html>   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s1p2'><img id="img_1_2"></a><html><input id="t_1_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s1p2|S1 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s2p2'><img id="img_2_2"></a><html><input id="t_2_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s2p2|S2 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s3p2'><img id="img_3_2"></a><html><input id="t_3_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s3p2|S3 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s4p2'><img id="img_4_2"></a><html><input id="t_4_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s4p2|S4 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s5p2'><img id="img_5_2"></a><html><input id="t_5_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s5p2|S5 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s6p2'><img id="img_6_2"></a><html><input id="t_6_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s6p2|S6 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s7p2'><img id="img_7_2"></a><html><input id="t_7_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s7p2|S7 P2]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s8p2'><img id="img_8_2"></a><html><input id="t_8_2" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s8p2|S8 P2]]   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_line = 2; build_line(); return false;" value='  Build  P2  '></html>   |
^   [P3] Violino III.zo<html><br><span style='font-size: 75%;'><a href="javascript: select_line(3);">Select</a> | <a href="javascript: un_select_line(3);">Unselect</a></span></html>   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s1p3'><img id="img_1_3"></a><html><input id="t_1_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s1p3|S1 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s2p3'><img id="img_2_3"></a><html><input id="t_2_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s2p3|S2 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s3p3'><img id="img_3_3"></a><html><input id="t_3_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s3p3|S3 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s4p3'><img id="img_4_3"></a><html><input id="t_4_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s4p3|S4 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s5p3'><img id="img_5_3"></a><html><input id="t_5_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s5p3|S5 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s6p3'><img id="img_6_3"></a><html><input id="t_6_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s6p3|S6 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s7p3'><img id="img_7_3"></a><html><input id="t_7_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s7p3|S7 P3]]   |   <html><a href='doku.php?id=costa:s8p3'><img id="img_8_3"></a><html><input id="t_8_3" type='checkbox' checked='yes'><br></html> [[costa:s8p3|S8 P3]]   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_line = 3; build_line(); return false;" value='  Build  P3  '></html>   |
|       |    <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 1; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S1  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 2; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S2  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 3; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S3  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 4; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S4  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 5; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S5  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 6; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S6  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 7; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S7  '></html>   |   <html><input type='submit' onclick="javascript: curr_col = 8; build_col(); return false;" value='  Build S8  '></html>   |   <html><input onclick="javascript: build(); return false;" type='submit' value='  Build!  '><br><span style='font-size: 75%'>Select: <a href="javascript: select_all();">All</a> | <a href="javascript: unselect_all();">None</a></span></html>   | 


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